What Was Life Like in an Ancient Roman Apartment

Have you ever shouted, â€Å"The rent is too damn high†? Watched your monthly rent payments skyrocket with no end in sight? Dodged disgusting vermin? You’re not alone. The ancient Romans had the same problems with their apartments. From slumlords to sanitation problems, pests to putrid odors, Roman urban living was no walk in the park., especially with tiles and waste falling down on you from windows above. Shoved Together in Uncomfortable Quarters Even in the very early days of Rome, people were shoved together in uncomfortable quarters. Wrote Tacitus, â€Å"This collection of animals of every kind mixed together, distressed both the citizens by the unusual stench, and the peasants crowded together into their close apartments, with heat, want of sleep, and their attendance on each other, and contact itself propagated the disease.†Ã‚  That continued on into the Republic and empire. Roman Tenements Roman tenements were called insulae, or islands, because they occupied whole blocks, with the roads flowing around them like water around an island.  The insulae, often consisting of six to eight apartment blocks built around a staircase and central courtyard, housed poor workers who couldn’t afford a traditional domus or house. Landlords would rent out the very bottom spots to shops, much like modern apartment buildings. Scholars have estimated that 90 to 95 percent of the population of the port town of Ostia resided in insulae. To be fair, there are dangers in applying data from other cities, especially Ostia, where insulae were often well-built, to Rome itself.  By the fourth century A.D.,  though, there were around 45,000 insulae in Rome, as opposed to fewer than 2,000  private homes. Lower Floors Had Wealthiest Tenants Many people would have been crammed into their quarters, and, if you were fortunate enough to own your apartment, you could sublet it, leading to lots of legal complications. Not much has changed, let’s be honest. Apartments—a.k.a. cenacula—on the lower floor  would be the easiest to access and, therefore, contain the wealthiest tenants; while poorer individuals were precariously perched on higher floors in tiny rooms called cellae. If you lived on the top floor, life was a trip.  In Book 7 of his Epigrams, Martial told the story of a gluttonous social hanger-on named Santra, who, once he finagled an invitation to a dinner party, pocketed as much food as he could. â€Å"These things he carries home with him, up some two hundred steps,† Martial noted, and Santra sold the food the next day for a profit. All Falls Down Often made of concrete-covered brick, insulae usually contained five or more stories. They were sometimes so flimsily built, thanks to poor craftsmanship, foundations, and building materials, that they collapsed and killed passersby. As a result, emperors restricted how high landlords could construct insulae. Augustus limited the height to 70 feet. But later, after the Great Fire in 64 A.D.—during which he supposedly fiddled—Emperor Nero â€Å"devised a new form for the buildings of the city and in front of the houses and apartments he erected porches, from the flat roofs of which fires could be fought, and these he put up at his own cost.† Trajan later lowered the maximum building height to 60 feet. Building Codes and Slumlords Builders were supposed to make walls at least an inch and a half thick, so as to give people a lot of room. That didn’t work so well, especially since building codes probably weren’t followed, and most tenants were too poor to prosecute slumlords. If insulae didn’t fall down, they could be washed away in a flood. Thats about the only time their inhabitants would get natural water since there was rarely in-home plumbing in an apartment. They were so unsafe that the poet Juvenal quipped in his Satires,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Who fears, or ever feared, that their house might collapse† in the countryside? No one, obviously.  Things were very different in the city, however, he said: â€Å"We inhabit a  Rome  held up for the most part by slender props since that’s the way management stop the buildings falling down.† The insulae caught fire frequently, Juvenal noted, and those on the upper floors would be the last to hear warnings, he said: â€Å"The last to burn will be the one a bare tile protects from the rain.†Ã‚   Strabo, in his Geography, commented that there was a vicious cycle of houses burning down and collapsing, sales, then subsequent reconstruction on the same site. He observed, â€Å"The building of houses †¦ goes on unceasingly in consequence of the collapses and fires and repeated sales (these last, too, going on unceasingly); and indeed the sales are intentional collapses, as it were since the purchasers keep on tearing down the houses and build new ones, one after another, to suit their wishes.†Ã‚   Some of the most famous Romans were slumlords. The illustrious orator and politician Cicero derived a lot of his income from rents from insulae he owned.  In a letter to his best friend Atticus, Cicero discussed turning an old bath into tiny apartments and urged his pal to outbid everyone for the property he wanted. The uber-wealthy Marcus Licinius Crassus supposedly waited for buildings to burn down—or perhaps set the blazes himself—to snap them up at a bargain price. One can only wonder if he then hiked the rent...

Outline and Evaluate the Behavioural Approach to...

Outline and Evaluate the Behavioural Approach to Psychopathology The behaviourist approach assumes that all behaviours are learnt. It suggests that there are three ways in which this learning can happen, these are classical conditioning, operant conditioning and social learning. The first method is classical conditioning this is when behaviour is learnt through association; via a stimulus and a response. This is an explanation for phobias, an abnormal behaviour can be learned by associating an environmental stimulus; a dog, with a biological response; fear and pain when bitten by the dog. Therefore, every time a person previously bitten by a dog sees a dog, they experience the same fear they felt when being bitten. Thus, the person would†¦show more content†¦The behaviourist approach focuses on the present behaviour of an individual and not take into account on the past events, this is a strength as memory can sometimes not be reliable and the most fundamental aspect is the patient’s condition and finding a cure to prevent it rather than focusing on the cause. For example, in the case of phobias, this approach attempts to unlearn it rather than find the cause. However, this may only temporarily cure the phobia as the cause is unidentified due to this approach. Another strength is that there are practical applications. The model suggests that abnormal behaviours are learnt, thus the best way to treat it to unlearn faulty learning. This suggests that this model can improve the quality of people’s lives, for example desensitisation can be used to treat those with phobias. A weakness is that this approach doesn’t establish the cause of abnormal behaviour. Critics say that just because abnormal behaviour can be changed by therapy, it does not mean that it was learnt. For example therapy can lead an anorexic person to put on weight, this does not mean they are cured, because they will never reach the optimum of their health due to the underlying cause of anorexia still being there. This weakness suggests that this model is not always scientific. Another weakness is that this approach is reductionist because it overstates learnt factors in abnormality and ignored other factorsShow MoreRelatedPsychology1226 Words   |  5 Pagesfirst given a talk about emotion-focused approaches and then given a talk about problem-focused approaches. They were then asked which one of these strategies they generally preferred. 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Proactive aggression is associated with higher levels of criminal behaviour, substance use disorders, disruptive behaviour, and higher levels of psychopathology later in life. †¢ The incidence of both types of aggression is roughly equal for boys and girls in clinically-referred samples of children and youth, although reactive aggression is more prevalent (59% males, 56% females) than proactive aggressionRead MoreAn Evaluation of Be Clear on Cancer Essay2028 Words   |  9 PagesThe aim of this essay is to evaluate the implications of the recent government health initiative ‘Be Clear on Cancer’. Here, a brief history of why the initiative was introduced in relation to public health and the political agenda will be discussed. However, it is first essential to understand how the modern healthcare has been shaped by historic and recent developments. 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Stress Causes Substantial Labour Productivity †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Stress Causes Substantial Labour Productivity. Answer: Introduction According to Jayakrishnan, Thomas, Rao George (2013), the construction industry is one of the most flourishing and leading industries across the globe. The construction workers have to work in extremely unfavourable working conditions (Torn Jrvholm, 2014). Construction workers have been found to be at a high risk of developing chronic diseases like diabetes (Dong, Wang Largay, 2015). The construction industry has also been criticised for its risky occupational setting. It is has been found that despite the strong performance of the construction industry, the rising incidence of injuries continue to remain a problem (Hosseini, Chileshe Zillante, 2014). Studies have shown that working in such onerous occupational setting takes a toll on the mental health of the construction workers (Sousa, Almeida Dias, 2014). Keeping in mind the largely outdoor occupational setting of construction work, the incidence of heat related stress and the psychological damage of the construction workers have become quite common. Therefore, the objective of this review of literature is discuss and reflect upon studies that have addressed this issue among the construction workers. The examination of the literature on this issue would be helpful in fathoming the veracity of the situation and pave path for risk reduction measures in compliance with the construction industry. Boschman et al., (2013), in their work on Psychological work environment and mental health among construction workers encapsulates the emerging issue of psychological risk factors among the construction workers. The authors argue that there have been extensive research on the plight of health of the construction labourers. However, there have been limited studies on the ubiquitous psychosocial risks among the construction workers. The method adopted for his study was questionnaire survey. The sample population for the survey comprised of 750 construction supervisors and 750 bricklayers who were randomly chosen from the Dutch Registry. The bricklayers who were chosen for the research were responsible for the construction of new buildings. The study was interested to understand the age, the characteristics of job, the psychosocial work characteristics, safety issues, and the effects of mental health on the construction workers. Logistic regression was used to analyze the connection bet ween self-reported condition of mental health and the psychosocial factors of the occupation. It was found that the bricklayers has experienced extremely harsh working conditions, there are learning opportunities and there were future perspectives. In case of the construction supervisors, they experience psychological pressure from the and the need for recovery. The study found that the supervisors had greater mental health related problems as compared to the bricklayers. These psychological issues include post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, distress and post work recovery. It was revealed that the incidence of quantity and high work were associated with depression. In case of supervisors inadequate social support and limited scope of participation in decision-making were understood to be the cause of depression. According to Zander et al., (2015), in their study on heat stress causes substantial labour productivity the issue of heat stress at the workplace is responsible for the reduction of labour productivity. Employing an approach derived from the health economics, it was found that self-reported issues of absenteeism at work can be attributed to the climatic conditions. The study is important because it is the first time that the effect of heat related stress and its implications on work was studied. Earlier there have been studies on the tendency of Thai workers to be injured during their work. The importance of the study can also be understood as it is the first time in Australia; a study was interested in understanding the cost of heat related stress. The study found that a number of 1214 construction workers were extremely stressed out and became 35 per cent less productive. The study also found the workers were stressed out for more than one occasion. To meet the requirements of the occupation, these construction workers have to compensate by working for longer hours on favourable climatic conditions. The study showed that 70 per cent of the sample population were less productive and 7 per cent of the population had to remain absent at least for a day. Another finding of the study was that there was a correlation between absenteeism and gender. It was reported that that men had to endure greater economic loss than women. This research will be helpful for the employers in devising strategies that would equip them to manage the impact of heat. One major limitation of the study which is also realized by the authors is that there is a need to focus on the underlying factors of the hot climate that influence absenteeism and presenteeism. There is a need to understand the impact of heat on the unpaid and informal economy. The authors have recommended the deployment of standardized questionnaire that would be useful in understanding the heat related stress and the ps ychological effect on the workers. In the study titled Which environmental indicator is better able to predict the effects of heat stress on construction workers, Yin and Chan, (2015), argue that the occupational setting of the construction workers is exemplified by extremely hot and onerous working conditions. The authors have established different stress models and found that environmental indicators are the most appropriate ways of predicting the impact of health related stress on the construction workers. The method adopted by the authors was intensive field studies during the month of summer in Hong Kong in the year 2011 from July to August. The study was interested in examining the parameters of related to the physiological, work related, personal and environmental impact on the construction workers. It was MAPE (Mean Absolute Per centage Error) and the concept of Theils U inequality coefficient. Earlier studies have found that the most appropriate method to quantify climatic heat is to draw the adverse effects of heat in the backdrop of the thermal environment in which it occurs. The highlight of the research lies in its ability to identify the most sophisticated environmental indicator in the prediction of the implications of heat related stress on the construction workers. The findings from the study is useful for the construction industry and ancillary industries regarding the policies of working in extremely harsh climatic conditions. The study has been criticized for its selected sample size which has been considered as limited to make generalizations. According to Xiang, Pisaniello and Hansen, (2014), the increase in frequency of heat due to the extremely humid conditions is becoming a rising occupational hazard for the construction workers. The study is important on the grounds that it demonstrate the impact of heat related stress on the the construction workers. The authors noted that there is a tendency to underreport and neglect the heat related stress faced by the construction workers. The authors conducted a survey of literature to examine the contribution of previous studies in the subject of heat related stress for the construction workers. Xian et al., (2014), in their work titled The impact of heatwaves on workers health and safety in Adelaide were interested to understand the impact of heatwaves on the construction workers health and safety. The study found that workers who are exposed to harsh weather conditions and have to work outdoor would make an injury claim of 6.2 per cent. The authors recognized that with the rise in temperature, there is an imperative to address the issue by adapting to the specific weather conditions and adopting preventive measures suitable for policy implementations and practise. The Work Health and Safety Legislation, 2011 in Australia has enshrined that there is a need for a nationally uniform and pragmatic framework that ensures the safety of the workers and provides security of their health (Work Health and Safety Act 2011, 2018). The guideline states that the government si committed towards the protection of the workers associated with different industries and strives to eliminate the risks that may emerge due to the nature of the occupational settings. The guideline states that the government encourages the unions the organizations of the employers to look into the sector of work and safety practises. The government is committed towards the training and education of the construction workers concerning their occupational health and safety. In addition, to these the government will persistently aim for the improvement of the standards of work health and safety. The government guideline further states that it is committed towards maintenance and strengthening of the national laws that would foster a national approach for improvising on the health and safety jurisdiction in Australia. Conclusion The review of literature show that the impact of heat related stress on the workers is quite severe and these affect their productivity. Stress not just affects the productivity of the workers but also add to their economic burden, as they have to make more injury claims. Extreme climatic conditions under which the construction workers are expected to operate propels towards absenteeism of the workers. These absenteeism has a gender dimension as more women are absent than men. In case the workers are unable to work during the extreme weather conditions, they have to compensate by working on other days, thereby compromising on their leisure hours. This review of literature will be helpful to address the impact and veracity of heat related stress and the associated risks on the construction workers. It would be helpful in improving on the existing policies as enshrined in the Health and Safety Legislation 2011 in Australia. There is an urgent need to seek sustainable solution with the aim to mitigate the risks faced by the construction workers. Reference and bibliography Boschman, J. S., Van der Molen, H. F., Sluiter, J. K., Frings-Dresen, M. H. W. (2013). Psychosocial work environment and mental health among construction workers.Applied ergonomics,44(5), 748-755. Dong, X. S., Wang, X., Largay, J. A. (2015). Occupational and non-occupational factors associated with work-related injuries among construction workers in the USA.International journal of occupational and environmental health,21(2), 142-150. Hosseini, M. R., Chileshe, N., Zillante, G. (2014). Investigating the factors associated with job satisfaction of construction workers in South Australia.Construction Economics and Building,14(3), 1-17. Jayakrishnan, T., Thomas, B., Rao, B., George, B. (2013). Occupational health problems of construction workers in India.International Journal of Medicine and Public Health|,3(4). Sousa, V., Almeida, N. M., Dias, L. A. (2014). Risk-based management of occupational safety and health in the construction industryPart 1: Background knowledge.Safety Science,66, 75-86. Tixier, A. J. P., Hallowell, M. R., Albert, A., van Boven, L., Kleiner, B. M. (2014). Psychological antecedents of risk-taking behavior in construction.Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,140(11), 04014052. Torn, K., Jrvholm, B. (2014). Effect of occupational exposure to vapors, gases, dusts, and fumes on COPD mortality risk among Swedish construction workers: a longitudinal cohort study.Chest,145(5), 992-997. Work Health and Safety Act 2011. (2018).Legislation.gov.au. Retrieved 11 April 2018, from https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2017C00305 Xiang, J., Bi, P., Pisaniello, D., Hansen, A. (2014). The impact of heatwaves on workers? health and safety in Adelaide, South Australia.Environmental research,133, 90-95. Xiang, J., Bi, P., Pisaniello, D., Hansen, A. (2014). Health impacts of workplace heat exposure: an epidemiological review.Industrial health,52(2), 91-101. Yi, W., Chan, A. P. (2014). Which environmental indicator is better able to predict the effects of heat stress on construction workers?. Journal of management in engineering,31(4), 04014063. Zander, K. K., Botzen, W. J., Oppermann, E., Kjellstrom, T., Garnett, S. T. (2015). Heat stress causes substantial labour productivity loss in Australia.Nature Climate Change,5(7), 647.

Separate Peace Research Paper free essay sample

A Separate Peace,† John Knowles once said, â€Å"Looking back now across fifteen years I could see with great clarity the fear I had lived in, which must mean that in the interval I had succeeded in a very important undertaking: I must have made my escape from it† (Knowles 10). The â€Å"fear† mentioned previously, is a result of the times Knowles lived in, a time of a war, which had even affected his comfortable life at a private school. A Separate Peace,† by John Knowles, was influenced by his life experience at his time spent at Exeter Academy, and the ongoing war, World War II. The period of time John Knowles spent at Exeter Academy influenced the execution of his novel, â€Å"A Separate Peace. † Several real life events, objects and people made their way into a complicated web of friendship at the Devon Academy. For example, the Super Suicide Society of the Summer Session, first mentioned on page 51, in chapter four of the novel, was a real socie ty. We will write a custom essay sample on Separate Peace Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In an article done by Bernard Carragher, Knowles admits that there was a Super Suicide Society, and that he was part of it, â€Å"Knowles also admits there was a Super Suicide Society, but there were no broken legs or deaths. â€Å"In fact, I was the one that got a serious cut on my foot and it was I who was hobbling around all summer on crutches. . . † says Knowles. † In the novel, the young men create a Super Suicide Society, and it is run by Finney. In order to get in, you must go through initiation, which was jumping of the tree branch by the river, the boys even continue to jump out of it every night, justifying it by saying that they were â€Å"Preparing for the war,† (Knowles 22). The main characters are actually based off of real people as well; John Heyl (Phineas) and Parker Stevenson (Gene Forrester). â€Å"The story is of two roommates- the quiet, intellectual Gene (Parker Stevenson) and the outgoing, brilliantly athletic Finney (John Heyl) at Devon (i. e. Exeter) during the crucial summer of ’42, trying to establish a eace away from the furor of World War II,† (Carragher D). Living during World War II also influenced the execution of Knowles’ novel â€Å"A Separate Peace. † World War II was the largest and most destructive conflict in human history (World War II). The U. S. industry was busy building ships, planes and submarines, which was the most direct effect on the U. S. (World Wa r II). Although America had not been attacked on the home front, many Americans were put into states of shock, and surprisingly this brought up a new sense of patriotism; such patriotism seen in â€Å"A Separate Peace,† and even demonstrated by Elwin Leper Lepellier. Leper is the first to enlist in the army, in chapter nine (Knowles 123). This enlistment scares the boys at Devon, because it made the war more real, and it reminds them of the draft. Seeing that all the boys at Devon are nearing the age of adulthood, they could possibly be drafted (Knowles). In an interview Knowles expressed his and Heyl’s opinions of the draft, and how it felt for them, â€Å"One connecting thread between the Exeter classes of ’42 and ’71 was the war and the draft, two topics which Heyl has definite ideas about. I would kill for my country,† he says, â€Å"if it was invaded, but I refuse to go to Vietnam and kill somebody I don’t even know. When I was 18, I was almost drafted, and if it wasn’t for my asthma getting me classified 4F, I probably would have had to go,† says Heyl,† (Carragher 18). These quotes express the impact of the war, and the fear it installed in everyone’s hearts, especially the heart s of young men, like the boys at Devon Academy, and in John Knowles, in his younger years. The author of â€Å" A Separate Peace,† John Knowles once said, â€Å"Looking back now across fifteen years I could see with great clarity the fear I had lived in, which must mean that in the interval I had succeeded in a very important undertaking: I must have made my escape from it† (Knowles 10). The â€Å"fear† mentioned previously, is a result of the times Knowles lived in, a time of a war, which had even affected his comfortable life at a private school. In conclusion, â€Å"A Separate Peace,† by John Knowles, was influenced by his life experience at his time spent at Exeter Academy, and the ongoing war, World War II.

UTC, GMT, and Zulu Time Explained

UTC, GMT, and Zulu Time Explained When you read weather forecasts and maps, you may notice a four-digit number followed by the letter Z somewhere at their bottom or top. This alpha-numeric code is called Z time, UTC, or GMT. All three are time standards in the weather community and keep meteorologists- regardless of where in the world they forecast from- using the same 24-hour clock, which helps avoid confusion when tracking weather events between time zones. Although the three terms are used interchangeably, there are small differences in meaning. GMT Time: Definition Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is the clock time at the Prime Meridian (0 º longitude) in Greenwich, England. Here, the word mean means average. It refers to the fact that noon GMT is the moment on average each year when the sun is at its highest point in the sky at the Greenwich meridian. (Because of Earths uneven speed in its elliptical orbit and its axial tilt, noon GMT isnt always when the sun crosses the Greenwich meridian.)   History of GMT.  The use of GMT began in 19th century Great Britain when British mariners would use the time at the Greenwich Meridian and the time at their ships position to determine the ships longitude. Because the UK was an advanced maritime nation at the time, other mariners adopted the practice and it eventually spread worldwide as a standard time convention independent of location. The Problem with GMT. For astronomical purposes, the GMT day was said to start at noon and run until noon the following day. This made it easier for astronomers because they could log their observational data (taken overnight) under a single calendar date. But for everyone else, the GMT day started at midnight. When everyone switched to the midnight-based convention in the 1920s and 1930s, this midnight-based time standard was given the new name of Universal Time to avoid any confusion. Since this change, the term GMT isnt used much anymore, except by those living in the UK and its Commonwealth countries where its used to describe the local time during the winter months. (Its analogous to our Standard Time here in the United States.) UTC Time: Definition Coordinated Universal Time is a modern version of Greenwich Mean Time. As mentioned above, the phrase, which refers to GMT as counted from midnight, was coined in the 1930s. Other than this, one of the biggest differences between GMT and UTC is that UTC does not observe Daylight Saving Time. Backward Abbreviation. Ever wonder why the acronym for Coordinated Universal Time isnt CUT? Basically, UTC is a compromise between the English (Coordinated Universal Time) and French phrases (Temps Universel Coordonnà ©). the use the same official abbreviation in all languages.   Another name for UTC Time is Zulu or Z Time. Zulu Time: Definition Zulu, or Z Time is UTC Time, only by a different name. To understand where the z comes from, consider the worlds time zones. YEach is expressed as a certain number of hours ahead of UTC or behind UTC? (For example, UTC -5 is Eastern Standard Time.) The letter z refers to the Greenwich time zone, which is zero hours (UTC 0). Since the NATO phonetic alphabet (Alpha for A, Bravo for B, Charlie for C...) word for z is Zulu, we also call it Zulu Time.

Research critique Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Research critique - Assignment Example The reason this article was chosen, and the nexus of its relevance as stated in the research questions, is that it specifically seeks to understand real issues as applied to real nurses (Akerstedt, et al. 2002). It takes into account the difference between many important demographic qualities. [104] Purpose of Study. The study is investigating possible contributors to maladaptive health outcomes in nurses who work full-time. Age and familial demands placed on the nurse are considered and weighed, as are the impacts of fatigue and recovery from night shift work. The outcomes were interesting, particularly the conclusion that domestic responsibilities are not significant contributors to maladaptive health outcomes. What was found to be significant was the shift pattern worked, especially night duty (Demerouti, et al. 2001). Interestingly, the effect of age was found to be equivocal with the younger nurses showing poorer recovery than the older group; it was shown that age was not associated with negative outcomes. [110] Literature Review. The literature review is well done and uses recent sources for those aspects of the discussion which require timely analysis, e.g., in 1990 it was well known that nurses worked in a stressful environment and so that old of a source is not a critical issue. When the authors begin discussing and citing information based on neuro-chemical studies, however, advances in that area of research would require up-to-date sources and older studies would lack reliable data. In this case, those aspects of the literature review that require modernity are properly supported with research performed within the previous year of this study (Newey & Hood 2004), and the sources used are reliable and known in the field. The authors are psychological researchers and not nurses; they do, however, use recognized studies from nurses and other scientists to support their points and give weight to

Web Project-Online File Storage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Web Project-Online File Storage - Research Paper Example Today, there are a number of backup solutions available that enables us to store files in increasingly popular cloud, and so there is no reason of foregoing the routine of backing up important data. Online data is becoming the most popular method of storage despite the availability of traditional storage devices such as USB flashes, hard drivers, and DVDs. To make it simpler online storage of data method involves storing data in the Web; thus, allowing one to access his/her information from anywhere globally. The data that one is able to store ranges from all information on an individual or company’s computer hard drive, image storage, email accounts, and text files which are made available on demand through the web servers (Broberg & Buyya 2011). The greatest benefit of online storage of data as divergent to the other methods is because of the nature of the information that is being stored virtually; it cannot be damaged or lost. This is true because most of the online data storage websites have additional feature of the stored data in their backup. Even if one accidentally deletes the data stored, the same version will always be available. There are also features that allow one to replicate and adapt the files. Another advantage is that it can be easily accessed by people who travel and are unable to access their laptops. It is also convenient for those who lose their data to computer crashes or those who forget to bring data CDs (Broberg & Buyya 2011). Lastly, it allows employees and collaborators to easily log in and access data. This may conveniently serve small business saving them some money, because networking computer will not be necessary. There are a few issues that may also arise when using online storage solutions. Security is the prime concern with a great possibility of unauthorized persons getting access to the password and the user name through other methods. This is highly risky if one uses very similar password for every site.